Europe, Small Navies and Maritime Security by Robert McCabe;Deborah Sanders;Ian Speller; & Deborah Sanders & Ian Speller
Author:Robert McCabe;Deborah Sanders;Ian Speller; & Deborah Sanders & Ian Speller
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: Taylor & Francis (CAM)
Maritime security and coastal powers
In contrast to most of the literature on the topic, the hierarchy of navies can be simplified to focus on only three types: naval power, coastal power and non-existent. Very small maritime nations do not have the option to be either naval powers, due to the resources they have available, or to be non-existent, due to their reliance on the sea for their economic prosperity. Coastal navies or coastal powers have been subject to different definitions,11 but the key here is that all coastal nations, even very small ones, need to have some constabulary and deterrent naval capability to protect their national borders from maritime threats. Why not aspire to be a naval power?
First, a coastal power and a naval power have different priorities. The coastal power’s main and perhaps only concern is their own maritime security as defined later in this chapter. It may project some of its capabilities beyond its territory because it is required to do so as part of a treaty or other organisational membership, but these are capabilities it needs for itself and its own maritime security that it chooses to share with others in exchange for the assurance of future assistance in capabilities it lacks. In addition to a robust maritime security capability, a naval power, on the other hand, can project power beyond its EEZ and has the capability to establish sea control beyond its EEZ.12
Next, by concentrating primarily on effectively implementing local maritime security, a coastal power can coordinate its naval and constabulary capabilities to ensure the protection and security of its maritime borders while developing the capabilities, capacity and cooperation with international partners necessary to ensure they are up to the state-on-state sea denial challenge that would be the ultimate test of the effectiveness of their ability to protect their own nation.
Last, the financial, equipment, logistic and manpower requirements to maintain a naval power’s power projection and sea control naval capabilities are so high that most coastal powers could not afford to enter this club. Thinking about or trying to can deflect discourse and resources from the key maritime security capabilities it does need unless national interests and careful planning prevent it from doing so.
Let us assume then that the maritime security capabilities of a very small coastal power should be able to accomplish a number of specific missions. One well-reasoned view, applied to Norway, is that there are three basic missions: to protect and control the nation’s maritime natural resources, to defend against and repel violations of its territorial waters and to defend against an invasion from the sea with both intra- and inter-state cooperation.13 These are a combination of constabulary and sea-denial deterrence activities.
These three missions can be broadened into seven dimensions of maritime security, once again containing a mix of activities that could be considered constabulary and naval, with the addition of a third, perhaps scientific administrative dimension. These seven dimensions are state-on-state, trade protection, resource management, smuggling prevention, terrorism prevention, disaster response and oceanography.
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